Fig. 1 Equalization circuit topology More about this image found in Equalization circuit topology

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of discharge control stage: ( a ) discharge energy transfer route, ( b ) FSBB converter operation in discharge buck mode, and ( c ) FSBB converter operation in discharge boost mode More about this image found in Schematic diagram of discharge control stage: ( a ) discharge energy transf...

Fig. 3 Cooperative control method for active equalization and EIS online measurements More about this image found in Cooperative control method for active equalization and EIS online measureme...

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of EIS online measurement during discharge stage More about this image found in Schematic diagram of EIS online measurement during discharge stage

Fig. 5 Waveforms of key signals during online measurement of EIS of battery B1: ( a ) excitation current given signal waveforms, ( b ) excitation current waveforms of battery B1, and ( c ) response voltage waveforms of battery B1 More about this image found in Waveforms of key signals during online measurement of EIS of battery B1: ( ...

Fig. 6 Topology of digital quadrature vector-type lock-in amplifier More about this image found in Topology of digital quadrature vector-type lock-in amplifier

Fig. 7 Experimental platform and hardware circuit: ( a ) experimental platform and ( b ) hardware circuit More about this image found in Experimental platform and hardware circuit: ( a ) experimental platform and...

Fig. 8 Parts of the key waveforms of the FSBB converter for energy equalization: ( a ) discharge stage buck drive signal waveforms, ( b ) discharge stage boost drive signal waveforms, ( c ) discharge stage voltage and current regulation signal waveforms, ( d ) charge stage buck drive signal wavefo... More about this image found in Parts of the key waveforms of the FSBB converter for energy equalization: (...

Fig. 8 Parts of the key waveforms of the FSBB converter for energy equalization: ( a ) discharge stage buck drive signal waveforms, ( b ) discharge stage boost drive signal waveforms, ( c ) discharge stage voltage and current regulation signal waveforms, ( d ) charge stage buck drive signal wavefo... More about this image found in Parts of the key waveforms of the FSBB converter for energy equalization: (...

Fig. 9 Energy transfer curves of the battery pack during the static period More about this image found in Energy transfer curves of the battery pack during the static period

Fig. 10 Energy transfer curves of the battery pack during the charging period More about this image found in Energy transfer curves of the battery pack during the charging period

Fig. 11 Energy transfer curves of the battery pack during the discharging period More about this image found in Energy transfer curves of the battery pack during the discharging period

Fig. 12 Impedance spectroscopy and Voigt R-C metric model before and after K-K transforms More about this image found in Impedance spectroscopy and Voigt R-C metric model before and after K-K tran...

Fig. 13 Trend of battery EIS measurement error with perturbation current More about this image found in Trend of battery EIS measurement error with perturbation current

Fig. 14 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measured by an electrochemical workstation More about this image found in Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measured by an electrochemical works...

Fig. 15 Excitation current and response voltage at some frequency points: ( a ) 0.2 Hz, ( b ) 200 Hz, and ( c ) 800 Hz More about this image found in Excitation current and response voltage at some frequency points: ( a ) 0.2...

Fig. 16 Impedance spectroscopy of each cell at different time periods: ( a ) B1, ( b ) B2, and ( c ) B3 More about this image found in Impedance spectroscopy of each cell at different time periods: ( a ) B1, ( ...

Fig. 17 The fitting process of impedance data and its trend in charge transfer resistance: ( a ) EIS and its equivalent model before and after fitting the impedance data and ( b ) trend of Rct of each cell at different moments More about this image found in The fitting process of impedance data and its trend in charge transfer resi...

Fig. 18 Impedance spectroscopy before and after K-K transforms and Voigt R-C metric model for different devices More about this image found in Impedance spectroscopy before and after K-K transforms and Voigt R-C metric...